Friday 15 April 2011

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

However, most of the experts believe that children and young people want and need sexuality as early and comprehensively as possible. Yet, there are researchers believed that early sexual education may have unintended consequences like sexual activity at a younger age and promiscuity.
According to the articles and journals that we had gone through, we found that there are several methods that used in this topic – Why is it important to impart sexual education in young children? In this assignment, we decided to use literature review as our research method.
From the resources gained, we found that the issues of sexual education and its effects on young children is still under investigation and has not reached exact agreement. Some researchers argued that early sex education can diminish the rate of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.
According to the International Technical Guidance on sexuality education, the overarching topics under which learning objectives have been defined are organized around six key concepts:
1. Relationships
2. Values, attitudes and skills
3. Culture, society and human rights
4. Human development
5. Sexual behaviour
6. Sexual and reproductive health
Each of these topics is linked to specific learning objectives. They are grouped according to the four age levels, and are intending outcomes of working from the particular topics. Learning objectives are defined at the level when they should first be introduced; however they need to be reinforced across different age levels.
When a programme begins with elder students, it might need to cover topics and learning objectives from earlier age levels. Based on the requirements of a country or region specific characteristics, such as social and cultural norms and epidemiological context, the contents of the learning objectives could be adjusted to be included within earlier or later age levels.

Reviews on Article 4

Evaluation of a comprehensive school-based AIDs education program in rural Masaka, Urganda.
70% of HIV infections in the world occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. Teenagers and young adults are at higher risks, hence, strategies in promoting safe sexual behavior are to be implemented. Teachers were asked to fit in the program into their timetables as they see fit, and then their knowledge about AIDs education were tested trice to evaluate their level of knowledge in sex education.
AIDs education program in curriculum was included in a short section in their last year of primary school, where students are tought on causes, transmission, signs effects, prevention and control of STD. These students were given questionnaires to assess their understanding in the AIDs program. The students were assessed 3 times; before, immediately after the program ended (10 to 12 months later) and 6 months after the second assessment. The results were then measured using BCI Model (Behavioural Change for Intervention).
Generally, the overall knowledge, overall attitude, intended condom use, and assertive behavior does not meet expectation. However, the attitude of delaying sex increases. The programs overall effect was minimal and not statistically significant.(Kinsman, Nakiying, Kamali, Carpenter, Quigley, Pool & Withworth)

Reviews on Article 3

Sex and HIV education programs: Their impact on sexual behaviours of young people throughout the world
More and more young people are delaying their marriage until they are older in developing countries. However, at the same time, they are also more likely to have sex before marriage, and this increases premarital pregnancy rates and Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), as well as AIDs. Sex and HIV or STD education programs partially solves this problem. Written curriculum in sex and HIV or STD programs are implemented among groups of youth in settings like schools, clinic or community settings are the most promising form of education for now.
This research is carried out to determine the effect, if any, of the curriculum based sex and HIV education programs on sexually risky behavior, STD’s and unwanted pregnancy rates and the mediating factors (knowledge and attitudes) that effects those behavior. Also, the research covers the common characteristics of the curriculum-based programs that were effective in changing sexual risk behavior.
Adolescents or young adults aged between 9 to 24 years old were exposed to curriculum based sex or HIV education program. Then, they are later measured on their sexual activity, based on; Initiation of sex, Frequency of sex, Numbers of sexual partners and Condom use.
The study shows that the programs are more likely to have positive than negative impact on teenager and young adult’s sexual behavior. 65% shows positive effect on their sexual behavior, 7% of the participants developed negative effect from the program, and as for the rest, there are not much impact. A third of participants of the program claimed to have positive impact on their behavior or outcomes. Generally, participants shows increase of condom use, reduce the numbers of sexual partners and reduced unprotected sex.(Kirby, Laris,& Rolleri, 2007)

Reviews on Article 2

Preventing AIDs and other STDs through condom promotion: A patient education intervention
Condoms are one of the most important in AIDs campaigns launched to promote the use of condoms to gay community, prostitutes, female partners of drug users, bisexuals, and individuals with multiple sex partners. Hence, in 1989, Mildred, Solomon, and DeJung carried out a research to determine whether of education and accessibility to free condoms increases the use of condoms.
Participants came from two different groups of people. A group receives education to provide knowledge and the right attitude towards the use of condoms and another group were given accessibility to free condoms. The first group were shown a video, featuring a story of a young black woman who have had two cases of gonorrhea and recently returned from hospital because of pelvic inflammatory disease. Her brother and girlfriend, who are sexually attractive and sexually active adviced her to persuade her boyfriend to use condom by communicating successfully with good grace and humour. Meanwhile, the second group consists of patients from Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Clinic at Boston City Hospital were given coupon to redeem free condoms.
Research shows that both education and accessibility increases the usage of condoms. In addition, STD patients who are given coupon to redeem free condoms are more likely to redeem the free condom after watching the video show to the first group. This supports the idea that education coupled with accessibility to condoms could increase the usage of condoms, and hence, may prevent STD like AIDs.(Mildred, Solomon &DEJong, 1989)

Reviews on Article 1

Public opinion on sex education in US schools
HIV infection and AIDs had increased by 10% from year 2000 to 2003 in The United States of America. Hence, sexual education programs are implemented, but however sparks some debate the effectiveness and the choice of appropriateness of sex education. Teenagers and young adults, aged between 15 to 24 years of age were 25% of the sexually active population in US. Therefore, this study is carried out to obtain the public’s opinion regarding sex education in school.
To determine the public’s opinion on sex education, participants were randomly selected, aged between 18 to 83 years old to represent the publics population. Total participants who took the cross-sectional survey was 1096. Respondents were asked about their beliefs or expectations about the educational efficacy of different sex education approaches. Their answers were self-reported and measured on a 7-point scale from “extremely liberal” to “extremely conservative”.
The results of this study shows that 82% of the public supports the program that teaches student using the combination of abstinence and other methods in preventing premarital pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD). Meanwhile, 68.5% supports the teaching on using a condom properly. 36% of the population believes that abstinence only programs works fine and 50% of US citizens supports all the three approaches.(Bleakleym Hennessy, Fishbein)

CHAPTER 2: SURVEY

Chiefly, for this research, we will plan to administer two methods, which are interviews and surveys to participating teachers and parents over of the course of the evaluation period. At the beginning of the study, we will integrate the parent’s attitude about sex education and teaching sex education in primary school to young people into our routine intake procedure and will administer the method to teacher (from primary school) in interview format around 5 participants (Though I’m able to get the meaning of this sentence but don’t you think this sentence is a bit odd? Don’t you think this is repeating and unnecessary, ‘sex education and teaching sex education’?). In the survey, we will set 15 questions in our survey form to parents.
Quantitative and qualitative data analysis procedures will be employed. Survey data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency distribution and non-parametric techniques.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background
Sex education, which called sexuality education or sex and relationships education and the process of acquiring information and forming attitudes and beliefs about sex, sexual identity, relationships and intimacy. Sex education as well about developing young people's skills so that they make informed choices about their behavior, and feel confident and competent about acting on these choices. It is widely accepted that young people have a right to sex education. This is because it is a means by which they are helped to protect themselves against abuse, exploitation, unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and AIDS. It is also argued that providing sex education helps to meet young people’s rights to information about matters that affect them, their right to have their needs met and to help them enjoy their sexuality and the relationships that they form. (You used the word of ‘argued’ at the beginning of this sentence, but what are the conflicting issues in this sentence?)

Need for study
The primary goal of sex education is to prepare children and young people with the knowledge, skills and value to make responsible choices about their sexual and social relationships in a world with sexually transmitted disease like HIV. Moreover, to learn about the risks of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, children and young people also need to learn about the risk of sexual exploitation and abuse in order to recognize these when they occur and to protect themselves as far as possible to identity and access available sources of support (Unesco, 2009). Sex education can provide an appropriate framework and context for educating students about sexual abuse and HIV. For example, distinguishing “good” and “bad” touch, learning how to express feelings, to resist pressure and to seek help are all key aspects of sexuality education that are also highly pertinent to sexual abuse.
Nowadays, the idea (sex education) that schools and the state have a responsibility to teach young people about sex is a peculiarly modern one. Such as, the United States and Western Europe, there had rise of sex education to a regular place in the school. Far too few children and young people receive anything approaching adequate preparation for a safe and satisfying adult sexual life.

Purpose and the Aim of Study
The purpose of this research is to investigate the important of sex education to prevent HIV or AIDs in young children. Sex education is developed young people’s skill to inform their behavior, feeling confident and competent about acting on their choice. The result of this sex education help young children will be used to awareness in the life. According to Unesco (2007), schools can provide a suitable, replicable and sustainable vehicle for the delivery of such education. Giving their number proximity to students, teacher can best place to deliver this education. Suitably train and supervise peer educators can also provide a lot of useful support, as can health and other professionals who come into professional contact children. With increasing number of children attending primary school, it is sensible to introduce sexuality education at this level rather than waiting until secondary school.
Giving educate young people with basic information from a since early age provides the foundation on which more complex knowledge is built up over time. For example, when they are very young, children can be informed about how people grow and change over time, and how babies become children and then adults, and this provides the basis on which they understand more detailed information about puberty provided in the pre-teenage years. They can also when they are young, be provided with information about viruses and germs that attack the body. This provides the basis for talking to them later about infections that can be caught through sexual contact.

Research question
Sex education that works should starts earlier, before young people reach puberty, and before they have developed established patterns of behavior. The precise age at which information should be provided depends on the physical, emotional and intellectual development of the young people as well as their level of understanding. What the role of teachers and parents to impart sex education for their young children?
Hypothesis: Young people who received accurate sexuality education are more mature thinking and responsible in their attitude by teaching from teachers and parents.
Research hypothesis: Teaching accurate sexuality education in primary’s students will make them more responsible and mature thinking in their attitude.
Null hypothesis: Teaching accurate sexuality education in primary’s students will not make them responsible and mature thinking in their attitude.

Monday 11 April 2011

Abstinence only vs. Comprehensive sex education



arguements on which approach is better??? well, we have the evidence to support both of it http://ari.ucsf.edu/science/reports/abstinence.pdf

Importance of appropriate sexual education

Is abstinence the best way to prevent unwanted pregnancy and STD's????? How about comprehensive sexuality education? Which approach is better?? Which is more appropriate? http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/appropriate-sexuality-education.pdf

Sex education at home


Sex education begins at home. But, are parents willing to share their knowledge about sex to their own child? What would be the main objective to do so? When should sex education be given? Read more on http://www.studenthealth.gov.hk/english/resources/resources_bl/files/lf_se_fse.pdf

Sex and educational programs for youth


How does sex education impacts youth? Would there be any effects on the curriculum-based sex and HIV education programs on sexual risk behaviours??? How about STI and pregnancy rates???
Of all the curricula aspects, what is the common characteristics that are effective in changing sexual behaviour?
http://www.etr.org/recapp/documents/programs/SexHIVedProgs.pdf

Evaluation on school based AIDs education program in rural area

70% HIV infections in the world occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. Young adults were at the stake of high risk, hence strategies in promoting safe sex are implemented. Sex and HIV education are added in their curriculum program. How effective is this approach? Does culture affects the effectiveness in this approach?
http://her.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/1/85.full.pdf#page=1&view=FitH

Sex and HIV education Programs

In many developing countries, more and more young people are delaying their marriage until they are older. However, they are also more likely to have premarital sex, which increases the rate of unwanted pregnancy, STD. Sex and HIV/AIDs education programs partially solves this problem. Would there be any effects from the curriculum-based sex and HIV/STD education programs on sexual risk behaviors, STD and pregnancy rates????
http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/1054-139X/PIIS1054139X0600601X.pdf

Preventing AIDs and other STD's through condom promotion

Condoms are the most commonly used contraceptive methods to prevent STD. Campaigns are launched to promote the use of condoms.....
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/79/4/453.pdf

Publics opinion on sex education in school

Those between the age of 15 to 24 years of age represents 25% of the sexually active population in the United states. HIV infection and AIDs had increased by 10% from year 2000 to 2003.....
http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/160/11/1151.pdf

Effective Sex Education

Angeline Kow
www.avert.org
What makes sex education, or sexuality education, work? Including, sex education at home and in school, when sex education should start, and what information should be given to young people.

Why is it Important to Impart Sexual Education in Young Children?

The issue of sexual education and its effects on young children is still under investigation and has reached no definite consensus. Some researchers argue that early sex education decreases unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, while others believe it may have unintended consequences, such as sexual activity at a younger age and promiscuity.